Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of intermittent high-intensity badminton court exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in male non-elite badminton players. Methods: This study employed a single-arm, repeated-measures experimental design, recruiting 25 healthy male collegiate badminton players. Participants completed five sets of high-intensity intermittent court tests until exhaustion, followed by calculation of stress index (SI), time-domain (RMSSD and SDNN), and frequency-domain (LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio) parameters at rest using a certified heart rate variability (HRV) analyzer. Repeated-measures ANOVA and effect size (partial η(2) and Hedges' g) were used to assess changes and recovery trends of HRV parameters across time points: pre-test, immediate, 15 min, 24 h, and 48 h post-exercise. Results: (1) Stress index: The overall temporal trend showed statistical significance (p < 0.001, partial η(2) = 0.236, large effect size). Compared to pre-test, immediate and 15 min post-exercise increases were 8.24 (95% CI: 0.63-15.85) and 9.84 (95% CI: 3.07-16.61) respectively, with Hedges' g values of 0.77 and 0.99 (p < 0.001, large effect sizes). Values returned to pre-test levels at 24 and 48 h with no significant differences (p > 0.05). (2) Time-domain parameters: The overall temporal trend was statistically significant (p < 0.001, partial η(2) = 0.553 for RMSSD and 0.586 for SDNN, both large effect sizes). Immediate post-exercise decreases in RMSSD and SDNN were 35.44 (95% CI: 21.95, 48.93) and 48.44 (95% CI: 32.49, 64.38) respectively, with Hedges' g values of 2.31 and 2.78 (p < 0.001, large effect sizes). At 15 min, decreases were 31.64 (17.85, 45.42) and 41.48 (26.23, 56.72) respectively, with Hedges' g values of 1.99 and 2.25 (p < 0.001, large effect sizes). Values returned to pre-test levels at 24 and 48 h with no significant differences (p > 0.05). (3) Frequency-domain parameters: Compared to pre-test, differences in LF, HF, and LF/HF were not statistically significant at any time point (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Following high-intensity exercise leading to peripheral fatigue, cardiac autonomic function demonstrates a "suppression-recovery" dynamic pattern: cardiac stress levels increase significantly within 15 min post-exercise, with decreased overall HRV regulatory capacity and strong inhibition of parasympathetic activity; HRV status may return to baseline levels after 24 h. However, the frequency-domain indices of HRV showed no significant changes in response to the acute effects of high-intensity exercise.