Abstract
Although low-energy shock wave (SW) is adopted to treat ischemic diseases because of its pro-angiogenic properties, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed at testing whether SW-induced angiogenesis may be through endothelial vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling and trafficking. Phosphorylation of VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis and production of nitric oxide (NO) were determined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with SW. Carotid artery in ob/ob mice was treated with SW before evaluation with sprouting assay. Critical limb ischemia was induced in ob/ob mice to evaluate blood flow recovery after SW treatment. Tube formation and migration assays were also performed with/without SW treatment in the presence/absence of SU5416 (VEGFR2 kinase inhibitor) and siRNA-driven silencing of VEGFR2. Chloroquine was used for disrupting endosome, and Rab11a controlling slow endocytic recycling was silenced with siRNA in vitro. Following SW treatment, augmented ligand-independent phosphorylation in VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis and endogenous NO production, increased cellular migration and tube formation, elevated sprouting of carotid artery and blood flow in ischemic limb in ob/ob mice were noted. Moreover, SU5416 and VEGFR2 silencing both inhibited SW-induced angiogenesis. SW-induced angiogenesis, which was accompanied by increased VEGFR2 protein expression without transcriptional change, was suppressed by chloroquine and Rab11a silencing. We concluded that SW enhanced angiogenesis via ligand-independent activation of VEGFR2 and further prolonged through endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling in endothelial cells.