Abstract
Placement and sizing of vehicle refueling station powered by battery and renewable wind, solar and bio-waste sources in smart distribution network is presented in this paper. It includes an electric vehicle charging station. Hybrid battery/renewable sources/vehicle station system is equipped with power electronic converter that is capable to control active and reactive power. Bi-level formulation for scheme is used. Upper level model includes vehicle refueling station planning. Its objective function minimizes the annual costs of construction, maintenance and operation of the aforementioned station. Constraints include the operation-planning model of renewable sources, battery bank, electric vehicle charging station considering reactive power management. Lower level problem expresses the economic operation of smart grid. Its objective function minimizes the sum of annual operating and energy loss costs in grid, which is constrained by linearized AC optimal power flow equations. Stochastic optimization models uncertainties of load, price of energy, renewable resources, and vehicle stations. Benders decomposition algorithm is used to extract the optimal solution. Numerical results indicate capability of design in the optimal location and sizing of vehicle refueling stations considering the improvement of economic and operation conditions of network. Construction of a station without renewable resources and batteries leads to an increase of 144.6% in grid operating costs and 167.6% in network energy losses. Voltage magnitude reaches a value less than 0.9 p.u. However, the proposed plan improves economic conditions of network by 51.3-74.5%, and network operation status is improved by about 17.7-148.1% compared to the construction of station without source and battery. In this condition, the planning cost of vehicle refueling station increases about to 88%.