Abstract
Direct electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) is a promising strategy to alleviate the unbalanced nitrogen cycle while achieving the electrosynthesis of ammonia. However, the restructuration of the high-activity Cu-based electrocatalysts in the NITRR process has hindered the identification of dynamical active sites and in-depth investigation of the catalytic mechanism. Herein, Cu species (single-atom, clusters, and nanoparticles) with tunable loading supported on N-doped TiO(2)/C are successfully manufactured with MOFs@CuPc precursors via the pre-anchor and post-pyrolysis strategy. Restructuration behavior among Cu species is co-dependent on the Cu loading and reaction potential, as evidenced by the advanced operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and there exists an incompletely reversible transformation of the restructured structure to the initial state. Notably, restructured CuN(4)&Cu(4) deliver the high NH(3) yield of 88.2 mmol h(-1) g(cata)(-1) and FE (~ 94.3%) at - 0.75 V, resulting from the optimal adsorption of NO(3)(-) as well as the rapid conversion of *NH(2)OH to *NH(2) intermediates originated from the modulation of charge distribution and d-band center for Cu site. This work not only uncovers CuN(4)&Cu(4) have the promising NITRR but also identifies the dynamic Cu species active sites that play a critical role in the efficient electrocatalytic reduction in nitrate to ammonia.