Abstract
Genetic code expansion via stop codon suppression is a powerful technique for engineering proteins in mammalian cells with site-specifically encoded noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). Current methods rely on very few available tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs orthogonal in mammalian cells, the pyrrolysyl tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair from Methanosarcina mazei ( Mma PylRS/PylT) being the most active and versatile to date. We found a pyrrolysyl tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair from the human gut archaeon Methanomethylophilus alvus Mx1201 (Mx1201 PylRS/PylT) to be active and orthogonal in mammalian cells. We show that this PylRS enzyme can be engineered to expand its ncAA substrate spectrum. We find that due to the large evolutionary distance of the two pairs, Mx1201 PylRS/PylT is partially orthogonal to Mma PylRS/PylT. Through rational mutation of Mx1201 PylT, we abolish its noncognate interaction with Mma PylRS, creating two mutually orthogonal PylRS/PylT pairs. Combined in the same cell, we show that the two pairs can site-selectively introduce two different ncAAs in response to two distinct stop codons. Our work expands the repertoire of mutually orthogonal tools for genetic code expansion in mammalian cells and provides the basis for advanced in vivo protein engineering applications for cell biology and protein production.