Abstract
BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for both clinical practice and research. Though the safety of MRI has been endorsed by many professional societies and government bodies, some concerns have remained about potential risk from prenatal MRI. Case-control animal studies of MRI scanning during gestation and effects on offspring are the most direct test available for potential risks. We performed a meta-analysis of extant animal studies of prenatal MRI examining reproductive and offspring outcomes. METHODS: Relevant articles were identified through PubMed search and citation searching of known articles and review papers. Eighteen relevant studies were identified with case-control designs of prenatal scanning conducted in vivo with mammalian species using MRI-relevant field strength. Standardized mean difference effect sizes were analyzed across k = 81 outcomes assessed across 649 unexposed dams, 622 exposed dams, 3024 unexposed offspring, and 3328 exposed offspring using a multilevel meta-analytic approach that clustered effect sizes within publications. RESULTS: The meta-analysis indicated no significant evidence for a deleterious effects of prenatal MRI (standardized mean difference = 0.17, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.54], t(80) = 0.94, p = .35) across outcomes. Similarly, no effects were observed when separately examining the 4 most commonly assessed outcomes: birth weight, litter size, fetal viability, and physical malformations (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Case-control mammalian animal studies indicate no significant known risks of prenatal MRI to reproductive outcomes or offspring development. This finding is largely mirrored in human research, though the lack of randomized case-control designs limits direct comparison. The current findings provide additional support to the prevailing consensus that prenatal MRI poses no known risk to offspring.