Disease criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); the potential role of non-criteria autoantibodies

Patients with SLE show a broad spectrum of more than 200 autoantibodies. They can be pathogenic, predictive, prognostic or even an epiphenomenon. Here, we discuss different autoantibodies that have not been included in EULAR/ACR 2019 classification criteria. Most of them have been addressed to monitor and detect disease activity and not specifically as classification criteria. Indeed, markers to assess disease activity fluctuate as compared with classification criteria and their validation is different. The development of new methods will probably bring new clinical associations and be evaluated as potential classification criteria.