Abstract
Mitochondria are key tumor drivers, but their suitability as a therapeutic target is unknown. Here, we report on the preclinical characterization of Gamitrinib (GA mitochondrial matrix inhibitor), a first-in-class anticancer agent that couples the Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) inhibitor 17-allylamino-geldanamycin (17-AAG) to the mitochondrial-targeting moiety, triphenylphosphonium. Formulated as a stable (≥24 weeks at -20°C) injectable suspension produced by microfluidization (<200 nm particle size), Gamitrinib (>99.5% purity) is heavily bound to plasma proteins (>99%), has intrinsic clearance from liver microsomes of 3.30 mL/min/g and minimally penetrates a Caco-2 intestinal monolayer. Compared to 17-AAG, Gamitrinib has slower clearance (85.6 ± 5.8 mL/min/kg), longer t(1/2) (12.2 ± 1.55 h), mean AUC(0-t) of 783.1 ± 71.3 h∙ng/mL, and unique metabolism without generation of 17-AG. Concentrations of Gamitrinib that trigger tumor cell killing (IC(50) ~1-4 µM) do not affect cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8 or ion channel conductance (Nav1.5, Kv4.3/KChIP2, Cav1.2, Kv1.5, KCNQ1/mink, HCN4, Kir2). Twice weekly IV administration of Gamitrinib to Sprague-Dawley rats or beagle dogs for up to 36 d is feasible. At dose levels of up to 5 (rats)- and 12 (dogs)-fold higher than therapeutically effective doses in mice (10 mg/kg), Gamitrinib treatment is unremarkable in dogs with no alterations in clinical-chemistry parameters, heart function, or tissue histology, and causes occasional inflammation at the infusion site and mild elevation of serum urea nitrogen in rats (≥10 mg/kg/dose). Therefore, targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy is feasible and well tolerated. A publicly funded, first-in-human phase I clinical trial of Gamitrinib in patients with advanced cancer is ongoing (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04827810).