Abstract
BACKGROUND: The SingHypertension primary care clinic intervention, which consisted of clinician training in hypertension management, subsidized single-pill combination medications, nurse-delivered motivational conversations and telephone follow-ups, improved blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores relative to usual care among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in Singapore. This study quantified the incremental cost-effectiveness, in terms of incremental cost per unit reduction disability-adjusted life years, of SingHypertension relative to usual care for patients with hypertension from the health system perspective. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a Markov model to simulate CVD events and associated outcomes for a hypothetical cohort of patients over a 10-year period. Costs were measured in US dollars, and effectiveness was measured in disability-adjusted life years averted. We present base-case results and conducted deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of US $55 500 per DALY averted, SingHypertension was cost-effective for patients with hypertension (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: US $24 765 per disability-adjusted life year averted) relative to usual care. This result held even if risk reduction was assumed to decline linearly to 0 over 10 years but not sooner than 7 years. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were most sensitive to the magnitude of the reduction in CVD risk; at least a 0.13% to 0.16% point reduction in 10-year CVD risk is required for cost-effectiveness. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicates that SingHypertension has a 78% chance of being cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold. CONCLUSIONS: SingHypertension represents good value for the money for reducing CVD incidence, morbidity, and mortality and should be considered for wide-scale implementation in Singapore and possibly other countries. REGISTRATION INFORMATION: REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02972619.