Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The gut microbiota and altered intestinal physiology have been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Enteric glial cells regulate enteric nervous and immune function and express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100β. Serum GFAP and neurofilament light chain can predict disease worsening; however, no clear markers differentiate relapsing from progressive disease. METHODS: To investigate enteric glial function in MS, we measured stool GFAP (st-GFAP) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 31 healthy controls (HCs), 77 patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), and 53 patients with progressive MS (ProgMS). Participants underwent clinical follow-up at 2 and 5 years after stool donation. RESULTS: We found higher st-GFAP levels in patients with ProgMS compared with those with RRMS and HCs. St-GFAP was positively correlated with baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, 25-foot walk time, and an increased EDSS score at 2 and 5 years. We found enteric glial hyperplasia in the colonic mucosa of a patient with primary progressive MS, as indicated by GFAP and S100β immunoreactivity, an effect not observed in duodenum tissue in patients with RRMS from our Milan cohort. St-GFAP in patients with ProgMS was negatively associated with Eubacterium hallii. DISCUSSION: These exploratory data indicate an altered enteric glial phenotype in patients with ProgMS and suggest that st-GFAP may be a prognostic biomarker.