Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an etiologically diverse metabolic dysfunction that, if untreated, leads to chronic hyperglycemia. Understanding the etiology of T2DM is critical, as it represents one of the most formidable medical challenges of the twenty-first century. Traditionally, insulin resistance has been recognized as the primary risk factor and a well-known consequence of type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), adipokines, and deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins, such as thiamine and pyridoxine, play significant roles in the development of insulin resistance, a key feature of T2DM. These factors are interconnected through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which regulates various metabolic processes, including glucose transport, lipid synthesis, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of AMPK is linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome-related illnesses. Understanding the interplay between BCAAs, adipokines, vitamins, and AMPK may offer new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.