Abstract
The MUC1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins (CA 15-3, CA 27.29, MCA) is aberrantly expressed among patients with breast cancer. Objectives: to measure the level of degradation products of MUC1, including CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and MCA, in the saliva of breast cancer patients and to describe the biochemical processes that influence their expression and the regulation of their biological functions. Methods: The case-control study included three groups (breast cancer, fibroadenomas, and healthy controls). All study participants provided saliva samples strictly before starting treatment. The levels of MUC1, including CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and MCA, free progesterone and estradiol, cytokines (MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18), and amino acids (Asp, Gln, Gly, His, Leu + Ile, Orn, Phe, Pro, Tyr) were determined. Results: It was shown that the levels of the MUC1 family in the saliva of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer were significantly lower compared to the control group. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of free estradiol affected the expression of MUC1. We obtained a reliable relationship between the aggressive nature of tumor growth, an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a low level of free estradiol, and the suppressed expression of salivary MUC1. Conclusions: Among patients with aggressive breast cancer, a high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a low level of free estradiol, there was an inhibition of the expression of pathologically unchanged glycoprotein MUC1 in saliva.