Abstract
PURPOSE: CBCT-guided online adaptive radiotherapy (oART) plans presently utilize daily synthetic CTs (sCT) that are automatically generated using deformable registration algorithms. These algorithms may have poor performance at reproducing variable volumes of gas present during treatment. Therefore, we have analyzed the air mapping error between the daily CBCTs and the corresponding sCT and explored its dosimetric effect on oART plan calculation. METHODS: Abdominopelvic air volume was contoured on both the daily CBCT images and the corresponding synthetic images for 207 online adaptive pelvic treatments. Air mapping errors were tracked over all fractions. For two case studies representing worst case scenarios, dosimetric effects of air mapping errors were corrected in the sCT images using the daily CBCT air contours, then recalculating dose. Dose volume histogram statistics and 3D gamma passing rates were used to compare the original and air-corrected sCT-based dose calculations. RESULTS: All analyzed patients showed observable air pocket contour differences between the sCT and the CBCT images. The largest air volume difference observed in daily CBCT images for a given patient was 276.3 cc, a difference of more than 386% compared to the sCT. For the two case studies, the largest observed change in DVH metrics was a 2.6% reduction in minimum PTV dose, with all other metrics varying by less than 1.5%. 3D gamma passing rates using 1%/1 mm criteria were above 90% when comparing the uncorrected and corrected dose distributions. CONCLUSION: Current CBCT-based oART workflow can lead to inaccuracies in the mapping of abdominopelvic air pockets from daily CBCT to the sCT images used for the optimization and calculation of the adaptive plan. Despite the large observed mapping errors, the dosimetric effects of such differences on the accuracy of the adapted plan dose calculation are unlikely to cause differences greater than 3% for prostate treatments.