Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A novel method of retrospective liver modeling was developed based on four-dimensional magnetic resonance (4D-MR) images. The 4D-MR images will be utilized in generation of the subject-specific deformable liver model to be used in radiotherapy planning (RTP). The purpose of this study was to test and validate the developed 4D-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method with extensive phantom tests. We also aimed to build a motion model with image registration methods from liver simulating phantom images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A deformable phantom was constructed by combining deformable tissue-equivalent material and a programmable 4D CIRS-platform. The phantom was imaged in 1.5 T MRI scanner with T2-weighted 4D SSFSE and T1-weighted Ax dual-echo Dixon SPGR sequences, and in computed tomography (CT). In addition, geometric distortion of the 4D sequence was measured with a GRADE phantom. The motion model was developed; the phases of the 4D-MRI were used as surrogate data, and displacement vector fields (DVF's) were used as a motion measurement. The motion model and the developed 4D-MRI method were evaluated and validated with extensive tests. RESULT: The 4D-MRI method enabled an accuracy of 2 mm using our deformable phantom compared to the 4D-CT. Results showed a mean accuracy of <2 mm between coordinates and DVF's measured from the 4D images. Three-dimensional geometric accuracy results with the GRADE phantom were: 0.9-mm mean and 2.5 mm maximum distortion within a 100 mm distance, and 2.2 mm mean, 5.2 mm maximum distortion within a 150 mm distance from the isocenter. CONCLUSIONS: The 4D-MRI method was validated with phantom tests as a necessary step before patient studies. The subject-specific motion model was generated and will be utilized in the generation of the deformable liver model of patients to be used in RTP.