Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: When planning and delivering radiotherapy, ideally bolus should be in direct contact with the skin surface. Varying air gaps between the skin surface and bolus material can result in discrepancies between the intended and delivered dose. This study assessed a three-dimensional (3D) printed flexible bolus to determine whether it could improve conformity to the skin surface, reduce air gaps, and improve planning target volume coverage, compared to a commercial bolus material, Superflab. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anthropomorphic head phantom was CT scanned to generate photon and electron treatment plans using virtual bolus. Two 3D printing companies used the material Ninjaflex to print bolus for the head phantom, which we designated Ninjaflex1 and Ninjaflex2. The phantom was scanned a further 15 more times with the different bolus materials in situ allowing plan comparison of the virtual to physical bolus in terms of planning target volume coverage, dose at the prescription point, skin dose, and air gap volumes. RESULTS: Superflab produced a larger volume and a greater number of air gaps compared to both Ninjaflex1 and Ninjaflex2, with the largest air gap volume of 12.02 cm(3) . Our study revealed that Ninjaflex1 produced the least variation from the virtual bolus clinical goal values for all modalities, while Superflab displayed the largest variances in conformity, positional accuracy, and clinical goal values. For PTV coverage Superflab produced significant percentage differences for the VMAT and Electron3 plans when compared to the virtual bolus plans. Superflab also generated a significant difference in prescription point dose for the 3D conformal plan. CONCLUSION: Compared to Superflab, both Ninjaflex materials improved conformity and reduced the variance between the virtual and physical bolus clinical goal values. Results illustrate that custom-made Ninjaflex bolus could be useful clinically and may improve the accuracy of the delivered dose.