Abstract
Managing dialysis in patients with heart failure, pregnancy or obesity is complex. More frequent haemodialysis 5-6 days/week in randomized clinical trials has shown benefits for controlling volume overload, blood pressure and phosphorus, reducing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and improving patient tolerance to therapy. Therapy prescriptions were guided by volume of urea cleared, time-integrated fluid loading control and increased phosphate-β2 microglobulin removal, with greater treatment frequency to address clinical efficacy targets. Case studies in all three categories show that treatment with more frequent haemodialysis in low-dialysate flow systems (Qd <200 mL/min, dialysate of 25-30 L/session, 5-7 days/week for 2.5-3.0 h/session) improves control of heart failure. In pregnancy, treatment 7 days/week with 30 L and 3 h/session of dialysis enabled successful delivery of infants at 32-34 weeks, with all doing well 2-5 years after birth. Obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) >35 achieved control of volume, blood pressure and uraemic symptoms compared to their prior 3 times/week in-centre haemodialysis. Greater application of more frequent haemodialysis should be considered, particularly in high-risk populations, to improve clinical care.