Abstract
PURPOSE: We tested the feasibility of using titanium to enhance adhesion of the Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro), ultimately to decrease the risk of implant-associated complications. METHODS: Cylindrical rods were made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), PMMA coated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) over a layer of polydopamine (PMMA(TiO2)), smooth (Ti) and sandblasted (Ti(SB)) titanium, and titanium treated with oxygen plasma (Ti(ox) and Ti(SBox)). Topography and surface chemistry were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adhesion force between rods and porcine corneas was measured ex vivo. Titanium sleeves, smooth and sandblasted, were inserted around the stem of the B-KPro and implanted in rabbits. Tissue adhesion to the stem was assessed and compared to an unmodified B-Kpro after 1 month. RESULTS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated successful deposition of TiO(2) on polydopamine-coated PMMA. Oxygen plasma treatment did not change the XPS spectra of titanium rods (Ti and Ti(SB)), although it increased their hydrophilicity. The materials did not show cell toxicity. After 14 days of incubation, PMMA(TiO2), smooth titanium treated with oxygen plasma (Ti(ox)), and sandblasted titanium rods (Ti(SB), Ti(SBox)) showed significantly higher adhesion forces than PMMA ex vivo. In vivo, the use of a Ti(SB) sleeve around the stem of the B-KPro induced a significant increase in tissue adhesion compared to a Ti sleeve or bare PMMA. CONCLUSIONS: Sandblasted titanium sleeves greatly enhanced adherence of the B-KPro to the rabbit cornea. This approach may improve adhesion with the donor cornea in humans as well. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: This approach may improve adhesion with donor corneas in humans.