Abstract
Color patterns are complex traits under selective pressures from conspecifics, mutualists, and antagonists. To evaluate the salience of a pattern or the similarity between colors, several visual models are available. Color discrimination models estimate the perceptual difference between any two colors. Their application to a diversity of taxonomic groups has become common in the literature to answer behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary questions. To use these models, we need information about the visual system of our beholder species. However, many color patterns are simultaneously subject to selective pressures from different species, often from different taxonomic groups, with different visual systems. Furthermore, we lack information about the visual system of many species, leading ecologists to use surrogate values or theoretical estimates for model parameters.Here, we present a modification of the segment classification method proposed by Endler (Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1990 41, 315-352): the normalized segment classification model (NSC). We explain its logic and use, exploring how NSC differs from other visual models. We also compare its predictions with available experimental data.Even though the NSC model includes no information about the visual system of the receiver species, it performed better than traditional color discrimination models when predicting the output of some behavioral tasks. Although vision scientists define color as independent of stimulus brightness, a likely explanation for the goodness of fit of the NSC model is that its distance measure depends on brightness differences, and achromatic information can influence the decision-making process of animals when chromatic information is missing.Species-specific models may be insufficient for the study of color patterns in a community context. The NSC model offers a species-independent solution for color analyses, allowing us to calculate color differences when we ignore the intended viewer of a signal or when different species impose selective pressures on the signal.