Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) succeeds only in a small fraction of cells within the population. Reprogramming occurs in distinctive stages, each facing its own bottlenecks. It initiates with overexpression of transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC (OSKM) in somatic cells such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). OSKM bind chromatin, silencing the somatic identity and starting the stepwise reactivation of the pluripotency programme. However, inefficient suppression of the somatic lineage leads to unwanted epigenetic memory from the tissue of origin, even in successfully generated iPSCs. Thus, it is essential to shed more light on chromatin regulators and processes involved in dissolving the somatic identity. Recent work characterised the role of transcriptional corepressors NCOR1 and NCOR2 (also known as NCoR and SMRT), showing that they cooperate with c-MYC to silence pluripotency genes during late reprogramming stages. NCOR1/NCOR2 were also proposed to be involved in silencing fibroblast identity, however it is unclear how this happens. Here, we shed light on the role of NCOR1 in early reprogramming. We show that siRNA-mediated ablation of NCOR1 and OCT4 results in very similar phenotypes, including transcriptomic changes and highly correlated high-content colony phenotypes. Both NCOR1 and OCT4 bind to promoters co-occupied by c-MYC in MEFs. During early reprogramming, downregulation of one group of somatic MEF-expressed genes requires both NCOR1 and OCT4, whereas another group of MEF-expressed genes is downregulated by NCOR1 but not OCT4. Our data suggest that NCOR1, assisted by OCT4 and c-MYC, facilitates transcriptional repression of genes with high expression in MEFs, which is necessary to bypass an early reprogramming block; this way, NCOR1 facilitates early reprogramming progression.