Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is a major form of neovascularization of tissues suffering from hypoxia and other related stress. Endothelial cells (ECs) undergo proliferation, differentiation, programmed death, and migration during angiogenic sprouting, but the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating ECs in angiogenesis have been incompletely elucidated. Here we report that the transmembrane protein 215 (TMEM215) is involved in angiogenesis by regulating EC survival. The murine TMEM215 gene, which possesses two transcriptional starting sites as determined by 5'-rapid amplification of complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE), encodes a two-pass TMEM. The TMEM215 transcripts were detected in ECs in addition to other tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunofluorescence showed that TMEM215 was expressed in the vasculature in retina, liver, and tumor, and colocalized with EC markers. We show that knockdown of TMEM215 in ECs induced strong cell death of ECs in vitro without affecting cell proliferation and migration, suggesting that TMEM215 was required for EC survival. Downregulation of TMEM215 expression compromised lumen formation and sprouting capacities of ECs in vitro. Moreover, intravitreous injection of TMEM215 small interfering RNA resulted in delayed and abnormal development of retinal vasculature with poor perfusion. These results identified TMEM215 as a novel molecule involved in angiogenesis by regulating the survival of ECs.