Abstract
A hallmark of apoptotic cells is the Ca2+-dependent appearance of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface as a result of its redistribution from the inner-to-outer plasma membrane leaflet. Although endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca2+ are known to participate in apoptosis, their role in PS externalization has not been established. In this study, several organelle-specific fluorescent markers and Ca2+-sensitive probes were used to identify the source of Ca2+ critical to PS externalization. By employing Rhod-2AM, fluorescein-labeled high molecular weight dextran, and Calcium Green 1, we provide evidence that lysosomes respond to apoptotic stimuli by releasing their luminal Ca2+ to the cytosol. Cells treated with the cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, cPLA2alpha, had no effect on caspase activation but exhibited a significant decrease in lysosomal Ca2+ release and externalization of PS in response to apoptotic stimuli. Similarly, cells depleted of lysosomal Ca2+ underwent programmed cell death yet failed to externalize PS. These data indicate that although Ca2+ release from other intracellular organelles to the cytosol is adequate for apoptosis, the release of Ca2+ from lysosomes is critical for PS externalization.