Abstract
With the global rise of cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis, there is a high demand for accurate diagnostic tools that can be used during a short consultation. In view of pathology, abnormal blood flow patterns have been demonstrated to be strong predictors of atherosclerotic lesion incidence, location, progression, and rupture. Prediction of patient-specific blood flow patterns can hence enable fast clinical diagnosis. However, the current state of art for the technique is by employing 3D-imaging-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The high computational cost renders these methods impractical. In this work, we present a novel method to expedite the reconstruction of 3D pressure and shear stress fields using a combination of a reduced-order CFD modelling technique together with non-linear regression tools from the Machine Learning (ML) paradigm. Specifically, we develop a proof-of-concept automated pipeline that uses randomised perturbations of an atherosclerotic pig coronary artery to produce a large dataset of unique mesh geometries with variable blood flow. A total of 1,407 geometries were generated from seven reference arteries and were used to simulate blood flow using the CFD solver Abaqus. This CFD dataset was then post-processed using the mesh-domain common-base Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (cPOD) method to obtain Eigen functions and principal coefficients, the latter of which is a product of the individual mesh flow solutions with the POD Eigenvectors. Being a data-reduction method, the POD enables the data to be represented using only the ten most significant modes, which captures cumulatively greater than 95% of variance of flow features due to mesh variations. Next, the node coordinate data of the meshes were embedded in a two-dimensional coordinate system using the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm. The reduced dataset for t-SNE coordinates and corresponding vector of POD coefficients were then used to train a Random Forest Regressor (RFR) model. The same methodology was applied to both the volumetric pressure solution and the wall shear stress. The predicted pattern of blood pressure, and shear stress in unseen arterial geometries were compared with the ground truth CFD solutions on "unseen" meshes. The new method was able to reliably reproduce the 3D coronary artery haemodynamics in less than 10 s.