Abstract
Vitamin D(3) is a fat-soluble steroid essential for bone metabolism, immune modulation, and inflammation control, all critical for periodontal health. Its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in periodontal cells, including periodontal ligament stromal cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and macrophages, enhancing osteogenesis, antimicrobial defenses, and anti-inflammatory responses. Clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that adequate systemic vitamin D(3) levels and local activation in gingival tissues improve outcomes of nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies, reducing probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival inflammation. Dose-dependent supplementation shows greater clinical efficacy, and emerging evidence supports potential topical applications. This review integrates molecular mechanisms with clinical findings, highlighting the therapeutic potential of vitamin D(3) in periodontal disease management.