Abstract
Spatiotemporal behaviors of particulate matter (PM(2.5) and PM(10)) and trace gases (SO(2), NO(2), CO, and O(3)) in Hefei during the period from December 2013 to November 2015 are investigated. The mean annual PM(2.5) (PM(10)) concentrations are 89.1 ± 59.4 µg/m(3) (118.9 ± 66.8 µg/m(3)) and 61.6 ± 32.2 µg/m(3) (91.3 ± 40.9 µg/m(3)) during 2014 and 2015, respectively, remarkably exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) grade II. All trace gases basically meet the requirements though NO(2) and O(3) have a certain upward trend. Old districts have the highest pollution levels, followed by urban periphery sites and new districts. Severe haze pollution occurs in Hefei, with frequent exceedances in particulate matter with 178 (91) days in 2014 (2015). The abnormal PM(2.5) concentrations in June 2014 attributed to agricultural biomass burning from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometry (MODIS) wildfire maps and aerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis. PM(2.5) is recognized as the major pollutant, and a longer interspecies relationship is found between PM(2.5) and other criteria pollutants for episode days as compared to non-episode days. The air pollution in Hefei tends to be influenced by local primary emissions, secondary formation, and regional transport from adjacent cities and remote regions. Most areas of Anhui, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and western Shandong are identified as the common high-potential source regions of PM(2.5). Approximately 9.44 and 8.53 thousand premature mortalities are attributed to PM(2.5) exposure in 2014 and 2015. The mortality benefits will be 32% (24%), 47% (41%), 70% (67%), and 85% (83%) of the total premature mortalities in 2014 (2015) when PM(2.5) concentrations meet the CAAQS grade II, the World Health Organization (WHO) IT-2, IT-3, and Air Quality Guideline, respectively. Hence, joint pollution prevention and control measures need to be strengthened due to pollutant regional diffusion, and much higher health benefits could be achieved as the Hefei government adopts more stringent WHO guidelines for PM(2.5).