Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in the elderly worldwide. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have been widely used to treat the neovascular type of AMD (nAMD). However, VEGF acts not only as a pro-angiogenic factor but also as an anti-apoptotic factor in the eyes. In this study, we found that anti-VEGF drugs, including bevacizumab (Bev), ranibizumab (Ran), and aflibercept (Afl), induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ARPE-19 cells in vitro, accompanied by the induction of CCN2, a potent pro-fibrotic factor. Similarly, intravitreal injection of Afl into mouse eyes resulted in EMT in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Co-treatment with CCN5, an anti-fibrotic factor that down-regulates CCN2 expression, significantly attenuated the adverse effects of the anti-VEGF drugs both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway with antagonists of VEGF receptors, SU5416 and ZM323881, induced EMT and up-regulated CCN2 in ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, knock-down of CCN2 with siRNA abolished the adverse effects of the anti-VEGF drugs in ARPE-19 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that anti-VEGF drugs induce EMT in RPE through the induction of CCN2 and that co-treatment with CCN5 attenuates the adverse effects of anti-VEGF drugs in mouse eyes.