Abstract
INTRODUCTION: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a causal relationship between interstitial lung disease (ILD) and air pollution, both for the development of the disease, and driving disease progression. We aim to provide a comprehensive literature review of the association between air pollution, and ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: We systematically searched from six online database. Two independent authors (DL and CF) selected studies and critically appraised the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Findings are presented through a narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Meta-analyses were performed exclusively when there was a minimum of three studies examining identical pollutant-health outcome pairs, all evaluating equivalent increments in pollutant concentration, using a random effects model. RESULTS: 24 observational studies conducted in 13 countries or regions were identified. Pollutants under investigation encompassed ozone (O(3)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), Particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less (PM(10)) and 2.5 micrometers or less (PM(2.5)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We conducted meta-analyses to assess the estimated Risk Ratios (RRs) for acute exacerbations (AE)-IPF in relation to exposure to every 10 μg/m(3) increment in air pollutant concentrations, including O(3), NO(2), PM(10), and PM(2.5.) The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between the increased risk of AE-IPF in PM(2.5), yielding RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.30-2.90; p = 0.001). Findings across all the included studies suggest that increased exposure to air pollutants may be linked to a range of health issues in individuals with ILDs. CONCLUSION: A scarcity of available studies on the air pollutants and ILD relationship underscores the imperative for further comprehensive research in this domain. The available data suggest that reducing levels of PM(2.5) in the atmosphere could potentially reduce AE frequency and severity in ILD patients.