Abstract
The rate and direction of phenotypic evolution depend on the availability of phenotypic variants induced genetically or environmentally. It is widely accepted that organisms do not display uniform phenotypic variation, with certain variants arising more frequently than others in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Previous studies have suggested that gene regulatory networks channel both environmental and genetic influences. However, how the gene regulatory networks influence phenotypic variation remains unclear. To address this, we characterize transcriptional variations in Escherichia coli under environmental and genetic perturbations. Based on the current understanding of transcriptional regulatory networks, we identify genetic properties that explain gene-to-gene differences in transcriptional variation. Our findings highlight the role of gene regulatory networks in shaping the shared phenotypic variability across different perturbations.