Abstract
Marine-sponge-derived spicule microparticles (SPMs) possess unique structural and compositional features suitable for bone tissue engineering. However, significant challenges remain in establishing their osteogenic mechanism and practical application in animal models. This study explores the biomimetic potential of SPM in orchestrating biomineralization behavior and modulating the Yes-associated protein 1/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Characterization of SPM revealed a structure comprising amorphous silica oxide mixed with collagen and trace amounts of calcium and phosphate ions, which have the potential to facilitate biomineralization. Structural analysis indicated dynamic biomineralization from SPM to hydroxyapatite, contributing to both in vitro and in vivo osteoconductions. In vitro assessment demonstrated dose-dependent increases in osteogenic gene expression and bone morphogenetic protein-2 protein in response to SPM. In addition, focal adhesion mediated by silica diatoms induced cell spreading on the surface of SPM, leading to cell alignment in the direction of SPM. Mechanical signals from SPM subsequently increased the expression of YAP/TAZ, thereby inducing osteogenic mechanotransduction. The osteogenic activity of SPM-reinforced injectable hydrogel was evaluated in a mouse calvaria defect model, demonstrating rapid vascularized bone regeneration. These findings suggest that biomimetic SPM holds significant promise for regenerating bone tissue.