Abstract
A spot urine creatinine-to-osmolality ratio (sUCr/Osm) is proposed as a surrogate of the urinary excretion rate of creatinine (Cr) and convenient for forecasting serum Cr (SCr) trends. The lower the sUCr/Osm, the lower the excreted Cr amount accompanied by per unit of osmoles, the higher the risk of Cr accumulation. For exploring the reference intervals of sUCr/Osm in general adults, a cross-sectional analysis was performed on a subset of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Of the eligible 3,316 adults aged 18.0 to 79.9 years, the age (mean ± SD) was 45.2 ± 17.2 years old, women was 45.02%, body weight (BW) was 76.1 ± 14.5 kg, and African Americans was 23.6%. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was 12.6 ± 4.7 mg/dL; SCr was 0.89 ± 0.34 mg/dL. As spot urine Cr and osmolality were 127.1 ± 84.0 mg/dl and 649 ± 266 mOsm/kg, respectively, sUCr/Osm was 0.19 ± 0.08. With adjustment of factors related to personal urinary excretion of Cr and osmoles by multivariable regression analysis, the estimated sUCr/Osm (esUCr/Osm) for an individual was 0.153 × (age in year)(-0.070) × (BW in kg)(0.283) × 1.244 [if African American] × (BUN in mg/dL)(-0.310) × (SCr in mg/dL)(0.681). The index of sUCr/Osm to personalized esUCr/Osm was 1.05 ± 0.39. When only low urinary excretion of Cr is likely to be of clinical concern, further analysis showed 157 individuals (4.7%, outside the 5th percentile) had their original sUCr/Osm < 0.08; 157 had the sUCr/Osm indexed for personalized esUCr/Osm < 0.50.