Abstract
Disrupted cell cycle progression underlies the molecular pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a global health issue leading to multi-organ cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. Exposure to supratherapeutic concentrations of iAs causes cellular accumulation in G2 or M phase of the cell cycle in multiple cell lines by inducing cyclin B1 expression. It is not clear if iAs exposure at doses corresponding to serum levels of chronically exposed populations (∼100 nM) has any effect on cell cycle distribution. In the present study we investigated if environmentally relevant iAs exposure induced cell cycle disruption and mechanisms thereof employing two human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT and Ker-CT), flow cytometry, immunoblots and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). iAs exposure (100 nM; 24 h) led to mitotic accumulation of cells in both cell lines, along with the stabilization of ANAPC11 ubiquitination targets cyclin B1 and securin, without affecting their steady state mRNA levels. This result suggested that induction of cyclin B1 and securin is modulated at the level of protein degradation. Moreover, zinc supplementation successfully prevented iAs-induced mitotic accumulation and stabilization of cyclin B1 and securin without affecting their mRNA levels. Together, these data suggest that environmentally relevant iAs exposure leads to mitotic accumulation possibly by displacing zinc from the RING finger subunit of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (ANAPC11), the cell cycle regulating E3 ubiquitin ligase. This early cell cycle disruptive effect of environmentally relevant iAs concentration could underpin the molecular pathogenesis of multiple diseases associated with chronic iAs exposure.