Abstract
PURPOSE: Most current research toward ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) radiation is conducted with advanced proton and electron accelerators, which are of limited accessibility to basic laboratory research. An economical alternative to charged particle accelerators is to employ high-capacity rotating anode x-ray tubes to produce kilovoltage x-rays at FLASH dose rates at short source-to-surface distances (SSD). This work describes a comprehensive dosimetric evaluation of a rotating anode x-ray tube for potential application in laboratory FLASH study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A commercially available high-capacity fluoroscopy x-ray tube with 75 kW input power was implemented as a potential FLASH irradiator. Radiochromic EBT3 film and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used to investigate the effects of SSD and field size on dose rates and depth-dose characteristics in kV-compatible solid water phantoms. Custom 3D printed accessories were developed to enable reproducible phantom setup at very short SSD. Open and collimated radiation fields were assessed. RESULTS: Despite the lower x-ray energy and short SSD used, FLASH dose rates above 40 Gy/s were achieved for targets up to 10-mm depth in solid water. Maximum surface dose rates of 96 Gy/s were measured in the open field at 47 mm SSD. A non-uniform high-to-low dose gradient was observed in the planar dose distribution, characteristic of anode heel effects. With added collimation, beams up to 10-mm diameter with reasonable uniformity can be produced. Typical 80%-20% penumbra in the collimated x-ray FLASH beams were less than 1 mm at 5-mm depth in phantom. Ramp-up times at the maximum input current were less than 1 ms. CONCLUSION: Our dosimetric characterization demonstrates that rotating anode x-ray tube technology is capable of producing radiation beams in support of preclinical FLASH radiobiology research.