Abstract
Embryogenesis entails dramatic shifts in mRNA translation and turnover that reprogram gene expression during cellular proliferation and differentiation. Codon identity modulates mRNA stability during early vertebrate embryogenesis, but how the composition of tRNA pools is matched to translational demand is unknown. By quantitative profiling of tRNA repertoires in zebrafish embryos during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, we show that zygotic tRNA repertoires are established after the onset of gastrulation, succeeding the major wave of zygotic mRNA transcription. Maternal and zygotic tRNA pools are distinct, but their reprogramming does not result in a better match to the codon content of the zygotic transcriptome. Instead, we find that an increase in global translation at gastrulation sensitizes decoding rates to tRNA supply, thus destabilizing maternal mRNAs enriched in slowly translated codons. Translational activation and zygotic tRNA expression temporally coincide with an increase of TORC1 activity at gastrulation, which phosphorylates and inactivates the RNA polymerase III repressor Maf1a/b. Our data indicate that a switch in global translation, rather than tRNA reprogramming, determines the onset of codon-dependent maternal mRNA decay during zebrafish embryogenesis.