Abstract
The swell of experimental imaging technologies to noninvasively measure immune checkpoint protein expression presents the opportunity for rigorous comparative studies toward identifying a gold standard. (89)Zr-atezolizumab is currently in man, and early data show tumor targeting but also abundant uptake in several normal tissues. Therefore, we conducted a reverse translational study both to understand if tumor to normal tissue ratios for (89)Zr-atezolizumab could be improved and to make direct comparisons to (89)Zr-C4, a radiotracer that we showed can detect a large dynamic range of tumor-associated PD-L1 expression. PET/CT and biodistribution studies in tumor bearing immunocompetent and nu/nu mice revealed that high specific activity (89)Zr-atezolizumab (∼2 μCi/μg) binds to PD-L1 on tumors but also results in very high uptake in many normal mouse tissues, as expected. Unexpectedly, (89)Zr-atezolizumab uptake was generally higher in normal mouse tissues compared to (89)Zr-C4 and lower in H1975, a tumor model with modest PD-L1 expression. Also unexpectedly, reducing the specific activity at least 15-fold suppressed (89)Zr-atezo uptake in normal mouse tissues but increased tumor uptake to levels observed with high specific activity (89)Zr-C4. In summary, these data reveal that low specific activity (89)Zr-atezo may be necessary for accurately measuring PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment, assuming a threshold can be identified that preferentially suppresses binding in normal tissues without reducing binding to tumors with abundant expression. Alternatively, high specific activity approaches like (89)Zr-C4 PET may be simpler to implement clinically to measure the broad dynamic range of PD-L1 expression known to manifest among tumors.