Abstract
Background: Nigeria has one of the highest prevalences of micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) globally. Biofortification is a sustainable and cost-effective intervention to reduce MNDs. We investigated the current availability, affordability, individual perceptions and preferences regarding biofortified crops in three states in Nigeria (Enugu, Ogun and Kaduna). We investigated potential dietary quality improvements by modifying standardized school meals with biofortified crops. Methods: We conducted a field market survey, key informant interviews and a simulation study. The availability and prices of biofortified crops from 36 preselected markets were systematically recorded. Consumers and sellers were interviewed regarding their awareness of and preferences for biofortified crops. The inclusion of biofortified foods in weekly school meals was simulated to evaluate dietary quality improvements and costs. Three key informant interviews were conducted to understand the scalability of biofortified crops. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were employed in the data analysis. Results: Overall, 39% (total of n = 730) of the recorded crops were identified as biofortified. Biofortified cassava, sweet potatoes and millet were more expensive compared to non-biofortified equivalents. Moreover, 30% (total of n = 730) of the consumers could visually differentiate between the crops, 14% were aware that they were biofortified and 10% preferred biofortified options. The inclusion of biofortified foods in traditional school meals led to higher levels of vitamin A, zinc and iron. The key informant interviews highlighted that scaling biofortification is challenging, requiring individual behavioral change, significant investments in educational campaigns and improvements in supply and demand. Conclusions: The current state of biofortification has limited reach due to limited availability, affordability and consumer preferences.