Abstract
Currently, there is a growing preference for eco-friendly bioinsecticides over chemical insecticides due to their safety. Plant extracts have emerged as a promising solution for this purpose. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal effectiveness of Viola ignobilis extract against two key pests of rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae) and pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae). Significant compounds were identified using GC-MS and MALDI-TOF MS. Three bioassay methods were employed to assess the extract's insecticidal potential, and its cytotoxicity was tested on HEK293 cells. Results revealed that the highest insecticidal efficacy occurred at a concentration of 20 mg/mL after a 72 h exposure. The contact bioassay method displayed greater efficiency against M. rosae than A. pistaciae, while the oral bioassay demonstrated the highest efficiency against A. pistaciae. The extract also acted as a feeding deterrent, with indices of 77.47 ± 7.98 % and 87.98 ± 3.84 % for A. pistaciae and M. rosae, respectively. Furthermore, the insecticidal potency of the extract was assessed, resulting in LC(50) values of 3.58 mg/mL and 6.77 mg/mL for the contact bioassay, and 0.87 mg/mL and 0.61 mg/mL for the oral bioassay against M. rosae and A. pistaciae, respectively. Importantly, the extract showed no detrimental cytotoxic effects on the HEK293 cell line within the tested concentration range, indicating its potential safety as a bioinsecticide. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of V. ignobilis extract as a promising candidate for further development in pest control.