Abstract
BACKGROUND: Good vision depends on the normal anatomy and function of the eyelids and orbital structures. The goals of periocular ophthalmic plastic surgery are the anatomical and functional preservation and restoration of the lids, orbits, and periorbital structures when they are affected by congenital or acquired malpositions, defects and mass lesions. In this region, functional and esthetic considerations are closely linked. METHOD: This review is based on selected articles retrieved by a PubMed search, the guidelines of the German Ophthalmologists' Association (Bundesverband der Augenärzte, BVA) and German Ophthalmological Society (Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, DOG), and the authors' own clinical and scientific experience. RESULTS: The surgical correction of eyelid malpositions is based on the restoration of normal anatomy with attention to function. Eyelids are reconstructed with a combination of local flaps and free grafts, preferably from the periorbital structures. Orbital procedures are usually performed in specialized centers, by multidisciplinary surgical teams if necessary. The surgical approaches are becoming ever smaller and cosmetically less noticeable. For patients with acquired anophthalmos, the use of orbital implants is essential for optimal fitting of the prosthesis. CONCLUSION: Modern periocular plastic surgery exploits an extensive range of specialized surgical techniques to treat a wide variety of abnormalities and diseases in this region. The success of such procedures depends on thorough knowledge of the complex anatomy and physiology of these structures as well as on the surgeon's expertise in microsurgical techniques.