Abstract
The usual treatment for anemia and especially for anemia of inflammation (also called anemia of chronic disease) is supportive care with the target of improving the lifestyle of the patients. There is no effective medication to date for proper management. As the inflammation, erythropoiesis, and oxidative stress are the major concerns in this case, it inspired us to use a nano-erythropoietin stimulating agent (nano-ESA) made up of a nano-complex of manganese and citrate (Mn-citrate nano-complex), which has been hypothesized to have excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Single oral dose of the nano-ESA efficiently prevented the onset of anemia as well as led to recovery from anemia in our phenylhydrazine (PHz)-intoxicated C57BL/6J mice model of anemia without any toxicological side effects. These preliminary findings may pave the way for an affordable and safe clinical use of the nano-ESA as a rapid recovery medication of anemia, especially anemia of inflammation.