Abstract
High-resolution full waveform seismic tomography of the Earth's mantle beneath the south and central Atlantic Ocean brings into focus a series of asthenospheric low shear velocity channels, or "fingers" on both sides of the southern and central mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR), elongated in the direction of absolute plate motion with a spacing of [Formula: see text]1,800 to 2,000 km, and associated with bands of shallower residual seafloor depth anomalies that suggest channeled flow over thousands of kilometers. Each of the three most clearly resolved fingers on the African side of the MAR corresponds to a separate group of whole mantle plumes rooted in distinct patches at the core-mantle boundary, feeding hotspots, and volcanic lines with distinct isotopic signatures. Plumes of a given group appear to merge at the top of the lower mantle before separating again, suggesting interaction of deep mantle flow with a more vigorous mesoscale circulation in the upper mantle. The corresponding hotspots are generally offset from the location of the deep mantle plume roots. The distinct isotopic signatures of these hotspot groups are also detected in the mid-ocean ridge basalts at the location where the fingers meet the ridge. Meanwhile, at least some of the variability within each plume group could originate in the upper mantle and extended transition zone where plumes in a given group appear to merge and pond. This study also adds to mounting evidence that the African large low shear velocity province is not a uniform, unbroken pile of dense material rising high above the core-mantle boundary, but rather a collection of mantle plumes rooted in patches of distinct composition.