Abstract
Quantification of oxidative stress is a challenging task that can help in monitoring chronic inflammatory respiratory airway diseases. Different studies can be found in the literature regarding the development of electrochemical sensors for H(2)O(2) in cell culture medium to quantify oxidative stress. However, there are very limited data regarding the impact of the cell culture medium on the electrochemical quantification of H(2)O(2). In this work, we studied the effect of different media (RPMI, MEM, DMEM, Ham's F12 and BEGM/DMEM) on the electrochemical quantification of H(2)O(2). The used electrode is based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and was obtained by co-electrodeposition. To reduce the electrode fouling by the medium, the effect of dilution was investigated using diluted (50% v/v in PBS) and undiluted media. With the same aim, two electrochemical techniques were employed, chronoamperometry (CH) and linear scan voltammetry (LSV). The influence of different interfering species and the effect of the operating temperature of 37 °C were also studied in order to simulate the operation of the sensor in the culture plate. The LSV technique made the sensor adaptable to undiluted media because the test time is short, compared with the CH technique, reducing the electrode fouling. The long-term stability of the sensors was also evaluated by testing different storage conditions. By storing the electrode at 4 °C, the sensor performance was not reduced for up to 21 days. The sensors were validated measuring H(2)O(2) released by two different human bronchial epithelial cell lines (A549, 16HBE) and human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) grown in RPMI, MEM and BEGM/DMEM media. To confirm the results obtained with the sensor, the release of reactive oxygen species was also evaluated with a standard flow cytometry technique. The results obtained with the two techniques were very similar. Thus, the LSV technique permits using the proposed sensor for an effective oxidative stress quantification in different culture media and without dilution.