Abstract
The onset temperature of smoldering for calcium alginate fibers was determined across several densities. Experimental results and theoretical calculations proved that as the density of calcium alginate fibers increases, its smoldering occurrence temperature decreases. From the experiments, the thermal stability of calcium alginate fibers decreases with increasing density. It is concluded that the mass loss of calcium alginate fiber during smoldering varies significantly with density, with higher density exhibiting higher mass loss.