Abstract
Post-lithium-ion batteries are designed to achieve high energy density and high safety by modifying their active material and cell configuration. In terms of the active material, lithium-sulfur batteries have the highest charge-storage capacity and high active-material utilization because of the use of a conversion-type sulfur cathode, which involves conversion between solid-state sulfur, liquid-state polysulfides, and solid-state sulfides. In terms of the configuration, solid-state batteries ensure high safety by using a solid-state electrolyte in between the two electrodes. Herein, we use a lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO) solid-state electrolyte in the lithium-sulfur cell with a polysulfide catholyte electrode. The LLTO, which replaces the conventional liquid electrolyte, is a solid-state electrolyte that offers smooth lithium-ion diffusion and prevents the loss of polysulfides, while the highly active polysulfide electrode, which replaces the solid-state sulfur cathode, improves the reaction kinetics and the active-material utilization. The material and electrochemical analyses confirm the stabilized electrodes exhibit long-lasting lithium stripping/plating stability and limited polysulfide diffusion. Moreover, the morphologically and electrochemically smooth interface between the solid-state electrolyte and catholyte enables fast charge transfer in the cell, which demonstrates a high charge-storage capacity of 1429 mA h g(-1), high rate performance, and high electrochemical efficiency.