Abstract
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), clustering is employed to extend the network's lifespan. Each cluster has a designated cluster head. Pairing is another technique used within clustering to enhance network longevity. In this technique, nodes are grouped into pairs, with one node in an active state and the other in a sleep state to conserve energy. However, this pairing can lead to communication issues with the cluster head, as nodes in sleep mode cannot transmit data, potentially causing data loss. To address this issue, this study introduces an innovative approach called the "Awake Sleep Heterogeneous Nodes' Pairing" (ASHNP) algorithm. This algorithm aims to improve transmission efficiency in WSNs operating in heterogeneous environments. In contrast, Energy Efficient Sleep Awake Aware (EESAA) algorithm are customized for homogeneous environments (EESAA), while suitable for homogeneous settings, encounters challenges in handling data loss from sleep nodes. On the other hand, Energy and Traffic Aware Sleep Awake (ETASA) struggles with listening problems, limiting its efficiency in diverse environments. Through comprehensive comparative analysis, ASHNP demonstrates higher performance in data transmission efficiency, overcoming the shortcomings of EESAA and ETASA. Additionally, comparisons across various parameters, including energy consumption and the number of dead nodes, highlight ASHNP's effectiveness in enhancing network reliability and resource utilization. These findings underscore the significance of ASHNP as a promising solution for optimizing data transmission in WSNs, particularly in heterogeneous environments. The analysis discloses that ASHNP reliably outperforms EESAA in maintaining node energy, with differences ranging from 1.5% to 10% across various rounds. Specifically, ASHNP achieves a data transmission rate 5.23% higher than EESAA and 21.73% higher than ETASA. These findings underscore the strength of ASHNP in sustaining node activity levels, showcasing its superiority in preserving network integrity and ensuring efficient data transmission across multiple rounds.