Background
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and inhibit endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, which is anti-atherogenic. However, fluid retention, which may lead to congestive heart failure and peripheral edema, is also a concern, which may result from endothelial cell leakage. In the current study, we examined the effects of PPAR-γ agonists on vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability in order to determine its underlying mechanisms.
Conclusions
Vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability change through Akt phosphorylation might be a mechanism of induced fluid retention and peripheral tissue edema by TZD.
Methods
We used rosiglitazone and conducted cell migration assay and permeability assay using HUVEC cells and measured vascular permeability and leakage in male C57BL/6 mice.
Results
Rosiglitazone significantly promoted endothelial cell migration and induced permeability via activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) - Akt or protein kinase C (PKC)β. In addition, rosiglitazone increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and suppressed expression of tight junction proteins (JAM-A and ZO-1), which might promote neovascularization and vascular leakage. These phenomena were reduced by Akt inhibition. Conclusions: Vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability change through Akt phosphorylation might be a mechanism of induced fluid retention and peripheral tissue edema by TZD.