Abstract
The rat aldolase A gene contains two alternative promoters and two alternative first exons. The distal promoter M is expressed at a high level only in skeletal muscle. Previous in vitro transfection studies identified the region from -202 to -85 as an enhancer that is responsible for dramatic activation during the differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts. This enhancer contains an A/T-rich sequence resembling the MEF-2 motif, which is an important element of muscle enhancers and promoters. In this study, we demonstrate that the MEF-2 sequence is essential but not sufficient for the activity of the enhancer. Another region required for the activity was recognized by a nuclear factor, tentatively named MAF1. MAF1 was found in both muscle cells and nonmuscle cells, and MAF1 from both cell types was indistinguishable by gel retardation and DNase I footprint experiments. The sequence required for MAF1 binding is very similar to the MEF-3 motif, which is an element of the skeletal muscle-specific enhancer of the cardiac troponin C gene. Because MAF1 and MEF-3 are closely related in both recognition sequence and distribution, MAF1 and MEF-3 probably represent the same nuclear factor which may play an important role in muscle gene transcription. Thus, the muscle-specific induction of the aldolase A gene is governed by muscle-specific MEF-2 and existing MEF-3 (MAF1).