Abstract
In modern cardiovascular research, isolated perfused hearts have become cost-effective and highly reproducible tools to investigate the mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Since they were first introduced in the nineteenth century, isolated perfused hearts have been extensively used for testing novel therapies, elucidating cardiac metabolic and electrophysiological activities, and modeling CVDs, including ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and hyperacute rejection. In recent years, ex vivo heart perfusion (EVHP) has shown potential in cardiac transplantation by allowing prolonged preservation and reconditioning of donor hearts. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the isolated perfused heart technique and its applications in cardiovascular research to help researchers comprehensively understand the capabilities of isolated heart models and provide guidance to use them to investigate various CVDs.