Abstract
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic exercise (TE) is the only intervention with strong recommendation for fibromyalgia. However, there is controversy as to which type of exercise is the most beneficial. OBJECTIVE: To determine which TE approach is the most effective in reducing pain intensity in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS: A systematic review was performed with a network meta-analysis (NMA). Six databases were searched from inception until January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of TE on pain intensity were included in women with fibromyalgia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The size of the effect and the clinically important difference were determined in the short-term (≤3 months) and long-term (>3 months). RESULTS: Sixty-one studies were identified, of which 51 were included in the quantitative synthesis (n = 2873). Fifteen TE interventions and eight comparison interventions (comparators) were identified. Aquatic exercise (p-score: 0.8713) was found to provide best benefits in the short-term and resistance training in the long-term (p-score: 0.9749). Statistically significant differences were found in favor of aquatic exercise, Pilates, qigong, resistance training, virtual reality, mixed exercise, and aerobic exercise (in the short-term) and in favor of resistance training, dance, functional training, aquatic exercise, virtual reality, and aerobic exercise (in the long-term) compared to usual care. CONCLUSION: With a moderate level of evidence, our NMA shows that, in the short-term, aquatic exercise is the most effective TE intervention to reduce pain intensity in women with fibromyalgia, while resistance training is the most effective in the long-term. More RCTs are needed to strengthen these findings.