Abstract
NFAT is a family of transcription factors whose activation is inhibited by calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), CNIs are employed to prevent and treat graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Unfortunately, control of cytomegalovirus (CMV), which exacerbates clinical outcomes, is simultaneously lost. Since single NFAT deficiency in T cells ameliorates GvHD in our major mismatch model, we investigated whether protection is maintained during CMV infection. Reassuringly, NFAT-deficient T cells still improved GvHD upon acute CMV infection and after allo-HCT in latently CMV-infected mice, showing reduced proinflammatory and cytotoxic potential. In sharp contrast, CMV-specific NFAT-deficient CD8+ inflated memory T cells expanded more and with higher levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and GzmB expression, effectively controlling CMV. Notably, NFAT-deficient inflated memory T cells could migrate to non-lymphoid tissues and fight CMV. Therefore, CMV infection does not interfere with the protective effect of NFAT inhibition to attenuate GvHD while allowing an anti-CMV response.