Abstract
Human ether-a-go-go-related gene 1 (hERG1) K(+) channels mediate repolarization of cardiac action potentials. Unintended block of hERG1 channels by some drugs can prolong the QT interval and induce arrhythmia. Recently, hERG1 channel agonists were discovered and, based on their mechanisms of action can be classified into two types. RPR260243 [(3R,4R)-4-[3-(6-methoxy-quinolin-4-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-1-[3-(2,3,5 trifluorophenyl)-prop-2-ynyl]-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid], a type 1 agonist, binds to residues located near the intracellular end of S5 and S6 transmembrane segments and activates hERG1 channels by a dual mechanism of slowed deactivation and attenuated P-type inactivation. As defined here, type 2 agonists such as PD-118057 [2-(4-[2-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-phenylamino)-benzoic acid] attenuate inactivation but do not slow deactivation. At 10 muM, PD-118057 shifted the half-point for inactivation of wild-type hERG1 channels by +19 mV and increased peak outward current by 136%. Scanning mutagenesis and functional characterization of 44 mutant channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes was used to identify the major structural determinants of the binding site for PD-118057. Single mutations of residues in the pore helix (F619) or the S6 segment (L646) of hERG1 eliminated agonist activity. Mutation of a nearby residues in the S6 segment (C643, M645) enhanced drug activity, presumably by reducing steric hindrance for drug binding. Molecular modeling indicates that PD-118057 binds to a hydrophobic pocket formed by L646 of one hERG1 subunit and F619 of an adjacent subunit. We conclude that direct interaction of PD-118057 with the pore helix attenuates fast P-type inactivation and increases open probability of hERG1 channels.