Is the KKondae as a common psychological construct? Testing the KKondae scale with the U.S. sample, and the preliminary study of predictors and consequences of Kkondae

BACKGROUND: The research aims to explore the common nature of 'kkondae'-a Korean term denoting stubbornness-and its relevance across cultures, particularly examining the relationship between anxiety, kkondae tendencies, and resulting loneliness through difficulties in listening and acceptance in social interactions. METHODS: A sample of 454 individuals from the U.S. was surveyed online to assess the Korean-developed Kkondae scale's reliability and validity. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that higher levels of anxiety might lead to increased loneliness, with kkondae traits acting as an intermediary. RESULTS: Anxiety was found to affect the tendency towards kkondae behavior, interfering with listening and effective communication, thus exacerbating loneliness. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal communication issues are critical in increasing loneliness. This study adds a new dimension to loneliness research by linking the concept of kkondae with anxiety.