Abstract
Isorhamnetin is a 3'-O-methylated metabolite of quercetin that is found predominantly in a variety of medicinal plants. Although many previous studies have reported that this flavonol has diverse health-promoting effects, evidence for the underlying molecular mechanism of anti-cancer efficacy is still lacking. In this study, it was examined the anti-proliferative effect of isorhamnetin on human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells, and found that isorhamnetin induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis. Isorhamnetin-induced G2/M arrest was associated with decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen as well as cyclin A and cyclin B1. However, isorhamnetin increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, and increased p21 complexed with Cdk2 and Cdc2. In addition, Isorhamnetin-induced apoptosis was associated with increased expression of Fas/Fas ligand, reduced ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression, truncation of Bid, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3. Isorhamnetin also enhanced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the addition of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor, significantly diminished isorhamnetin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the interruption of ROS generation using NAC significantly attenuated isorhamnetin-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Collectively, this is the first report to show that isorhamnetin inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocarcinoma cells by ROS-dependent arrest of the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis.